Chapter 2, pages 18-35: "Formula and Meter: the Oral Poetics of Homer." Menelaus and the Greeks manage to recover Patroclus’s corpse before Hector can inflict more damage. “The Epic Cycle and Homer,” chapter 3 of The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle (available online through UW libraries). Nagy, Greek Mythology and Poetics. The main theme of the poem is that of war and peace, and the whole poem is essentially a description of war and fighting. The Iliad Despite the misgivings of his wife, Andromache, the Trojan hero, Hector, son of King Priam, challenges the Greek warrior-hero Ajax to single combat, and is almost overcome in battle. January 17: Iliad 2; zooming in: Iliad 2. In the heat of the battle, though, Hector finds the disguised Patroclus and, thinking him to be Achilles, fights and (again with Apollo’ help) kills him. Diomedes and Odysseus sneak into the Trojan camp and wreak havoc. Greeks and Trojans get ready for battle. Distraught at the death of his companion, Achilles then reconciles with Agamemnon and rejoins the fray, despite knowing his deadly fate, and drives all the Trojans before him in his fury. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis … Many phrases, sometimes whole passages, are repeated verbatim over and over again throughout “The Iliad”, partly to fulfill the demands of the metre and partly as part of the formulaic oral tradition. Homer’s address to the Muse begins the idea that the Iliad is a poem inspired by the gods, an epic undertaking that will retrace a myth already well known to Homer’s ancient Greek audience. The conflict began when Paris, the son of Troy’s king Priam, seized a willing Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, from the Achaean king Menelaus. The Greeks, at the behest of the warrior-hero Achilles, force Agamemnon to return Chryseis in order to appease Apollo and end the pestilence. With the return of Hector and Paris the battle escalates, but Apollo and Athena soon decide to end the battle for the day. The entire poem has a formal rhythm that is consistent throughout (making it easier to memorize) and yet varied slightly from line to line (preventing it from being monotonous). “The Iliad“ (Gr: “Iliás“) is an epic poem by the ancient Greek poet Homer, which recounts some of the significant events of the final weeks of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy (which was also known as Ilion, Ilios or Ilium in ancient times). Feeling dishonoured, Achilles wrathfully withdraws both himself and his Myrmidon warriors from the Trojan War. Required Books: Benner, A. Selections from Homer's Iliad. Achilles, The first epic stories were the Iliad and the Odyssey, both attributed to the blind poet Homer in the 8th century BC. ILIAD 1 Plague. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Iliad/character-analysis Although attributed to Homer, “The Iliad” is clearly dependent on an older oral tradition and may well have been the collective inheritance of many singer-poets over a long period of time (the historical Fall of Troy is usually dated to around the start of the 12th Century BCE). The Iliad is an epic poem, written by Homer, that covers the quarrels and fighting near the end of the Trojan War. The Greek poet Homer is credited with being the first to write down the epic stories of 'The Iliad' and 'The Odyssey,' and the impact of his tales continues to reverberate through Western culture. https://youtu.be/WuXJJ-I1LqQBREAKING NEWS: Overly Sarcastic Productions has a twitter now! When Agamemnon refuses and threatens to ransom the girl to her father, the offended Apollo plagues them with a pestilence. Back to Top of Page. Summary. Our study guide has summaries, insightful analyses, and everything else you need to understand The Iliad. Get free homework help on Homer's The Iliad: poem summary, summary and analysis, quotes, essays, and character analysis courtesy of CliffsNotes. and Hector. Olympus, watching events take place in Troy. Clad in new armour fashioned specially for him by Hephaestus, The immortal gods and goddesses are portrayed as characters in. Norman 2001 (First Edition 1903). Written in the mid-8th Century BCE, “The Iliad” is usually considered to be the earliest work in the whole Western literary tradition, and one of the best known and loved stories of all time. The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. The Achaeans push forward. The Achaeans raised a massive army and sailed to Troy, bent on … For a clean version, click here! Summary of Plot. In the first few pages the Greek hero Achilles quarrels with the chief king, Agamemnon, over a female slave whom the Greek soldiers had awarded to Achilles as a … Through its portayal of the epic subject matter of the Trojan War, the stirring scenes of bloody battle, the wrath of Achilles and the constant interventions of the gods, it explores themes of glory, wrath, homecoming and fate, and has provided subjects and stories for many other later Greek, Roman and Renaissance writings. There is a sense of horror and futility built into Homer‘s chronicle, and yet, posed against the viciousness, there is a sense of heroism and glory that adds a glamour to the fighting: Homer appears both to abhor war and to glorify it. But, with Achilles and his warriors out of battle, the tide appears to begin to turn in favour of the Trojans. Whether or not they were written down, we do know that Homer‘s poems (along with others in the “Epic Cycle”) were recited in later days at festivals and ceremonial occasions by professional singers called “rhapsodes“, who beat out the measure with rhythm staffs. He did make key choices regarding which events and characters were to be emphasized and reinterpreted. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. 8-32 Chryses tries to ransom his daughter; Agamemnon roughly rejects the ransom and dismisses the priest. Aeneid Analysis 789 Words | 4 Pages. Clad in new armour fashioned specially for him by Hephaestus, Achilles takes revenge for his friend Patroclus by slaying Hector in single combat, but then defiles and desecrates his corpse for several days. The Iliad – Homer – Poem: Story, Summary & Analysis, Through its portayal of the epic subject matter of the Trojan War, the stirring scenes of bloody battle, the wrath of. The concept of heroism, and the honour that results from it, is also one of the major currents running through the poem. Agamemnon, The Iliad begins with the Trojan War already in progress. Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. 10/24 Iliad 17-19. Major Characters of the Book. Most students will find that Homer is easy to read (syntax in particular is more user-friendly than that of the Attic prose), but there is an initial period of getting used to the dialect. The Iliad is an Ancient Greek epic poem by Homer that was first published in 762 BC. Torn between his allegiances, Achilles orders his friend and lover, Patroclus, to dress in Achilles‘own armour and to lead the Myrmidons in repelling the Trojans. Paris, a son of the king of Troy, kidnaps Helen, who becomes the legendary "Helen of Troy" and "the woman with the face that launched a thousand ships." But, as fighter after heroic fighter enters the fray in search of honour and is slain before our eyes, the question always remains as to whether their struggle, heroic or not, is really worth the sacrifice. Read an overview of the entire poem or a line by line Summary and Analysis. Likewise, the death of Achilles and the eventual fall of Troy are not covered in the poem, and these matters are the subjects of other (non-Homeric) “Epic Cycle” poems, which survive only in fragments. The Iliad is an epic poem written by the Greek poet Homer. As the ten year war reaches its climax, even the gods join in the battle and the earth shakes with the clamour of the combat. Poem Summary The Achaians, under King Agamemnon, have been fighting the Trojans off and on for nine years, trying to retrieve Helen, the wife of Menelaos, and thus Agamemnon's sister-in-law. Recommended Books: However, it is by no means certain that Homer himself (if in fact such a man ever really existed) actually wrote down the verses. Hera explodes with anger, saying that she won’t let the duel stop her effort to destroy Troy. Anger of Achilles. Summary The Iliad begins with the narrator requesting help from his Muse in telling his tale. The Iliad recounts a brief but crucial period of the Trojan War, a conflict between the city of Troy and its allies against a confederation of Greek cities, collectively known as the Achaeans. See a complete list of the characters in Check out our revolutionary side-by-side summary and analysis. Aeneid By Virgil Written 19 B.C.E Translated by John Dryden Analysis Jazymn Talley SNHU Analysis The intention of Virgil 's poem, Aeneid, is to romanticize the origins of the Roman Empire. January 15: Iliad 1; zooming in: Iliad 1.1-42. Burgess, J. During a brief truce in the hostilities, Paris and Menelaus meet in single combat over Helen, while she and old King Priam of Troy watch from the city walls and, despite the goddess Aphrodite’s intervention on behalf of the over-matched Paris, Menelaus is the victor. “The Iliad” was part of a group of ancient poems known as the “Epic Cycle”, most of which are now lost to us, which dealt with the history of the Trojan War and the events surrounding it. As was the tradition in epic poetry, the Iliad opens in medias res, meaning "in the middle of things," although the action is always preceded by the poet's invocation to the muse (the goddess) of poetry. Chronicling the deeds of great heroes from the past who helped form a society, the Iliad is an epic poem. Detailed Summaries. Hector‘s father, King Priam, emboldened by his grief and aided by Hermes, recovers Hector‘s corpse from Achilles, and “The Iliad” ends with Hector‘s funeral during a twelve day truce granted by Achilles. Find the quotes you need to support your essay, or refresh your memory of the poem by reading these key quotes. Testing the resolve of the Greeks, Agamemnon feigns a homeward order, but Odysseus encourages the Greeks to pursue the fight. The poem consists of twenty-four scrolls, containing 15,693 lines of dactylic hexameter verse. The Iliad focuses on events that take place in … “The Iliad” itself does not cover the early events of the Trojan War, which had been launched ten years before the events described in the poem in order to rescue Helen, the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta, after her abduction by the Trojan prince, Paris. In the same way, many of the descriptive phrases that are linked with a certain character (such as “swift-footed Achilles“, “Diomedes of the great war cry“, “Hector of the shining helm”, and “Agamemnon the lord of men”) match the number of syllables in a hero’s name, and are repeated regularly to the extent that they almost seem to become part of the characters’ names themselves. They are often used as a way of explaining how or why an event took place, but they are also sometimes used as comic relief from the war, mimicking, parodying and mocking mortals. Alice Oswald, Memorial: a Version of Homer’s Iliad Link History >> Ancient Greece. 2. A highly condensed summary: The Iliad is set three millennia ago, during the final year of the Trojan War, a conflict in which Greek warriors sailed the Aegean to what is now Turkey and besieged the citadel of Troy for ten years. 33-52 Chryses prays to Apollo, who sends a plague among the host. The story covered by “The Iliad” begins nearly ten years into the seige of Troy by the Greek forces, led by Agamemnon, King of Mycenae. Aeneid shares many characteristic to Grecian writer Homer 's Epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. The gods sit in council on Mt. Intoxicated by his success, Patroclus forgets Achilles‘ warning, and pursues the fleeing Trojans to the walls of Troy and would have taken the city were it not for the actions of Apollo. “The Odyssey”, a separate work also by Homer, narrates Odysseus‘ decade-long journey home to Ithaca after the end of the Trojan War. The immortal gods and goddesses are portrayed as characters in “The Iliad”, displaying individuality and will in their actions, but they are also stock religious figures, sometimes allegorical, sometimes psychological, and their relation to humans is extremely complex. Ithaca and London 1992. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “The Iliad” by Homer. Zeus begins to taunt Hera, mocking her and Athena for standing by while Aphrodite rescues Paris.He notes that Menelaus is the victor, and that he should now lead Helen home. First, the priest Chryses comes to ask their leader, King Agamemnon, to release his daughter, whom Agamemnon was holding captive. Link. They plan a duel to stop the present bout of fighting: Hector approaches the Achaean line and offers himself to anyone who will fight him. 1-7 Prologue: Sing, Muse, of the Wrath of Achilles. Iliad Summary In the tenth and final year of the Trojan War, Chryses, a priest of Apollo, attempts to ransom his daughter from Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of the Achaeans, who has taken her captive while on a raid. Homer's The Iliad starts after the Achaians have been at war with the Trojans for nine years, trying to retrieve Helen of Troy, the wife of Menelaos who was kidnapped by Paris. It tells the story of the last year of the Trojan War fought between the city of Troy and the Greeks. Follow this link for a detailed summary of the Iliad (includes a capsule summary, and a summary of which sides the gods take in the Iliad) Introductory. The battle continues between the Achaeans and the Trojans. Foreword by M. Edwards. 2001. Four of the six passages on the Ph.D. translation exams are taken from these lists. and in-depth analyses of As such the epic stands as a bridge between history and literature. Achilles - Achilles is the main character and the greatest warrior in the world. English Translation. When Agamemnon treats him roughly and refuses the ransom, Apollo is angered and brings plague on the Achaeans. Throughout all, in the background, the various gods and goddesses (particularly Hera, Athena, Apollo and Poseidon) continue to argue among themselves and to manipulate and intervene in the struggle, despite Zeus’ specific orders to the contrary. It is important to remember that these stories had a life outside of Homer: he did not invent his characters or the main events of the epic. Iliad study guide contains a biography of Homer, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Menelaus almost spares the Trojan Adrestus ’ life in exchange for ransom, but Agamemnon convinces Menelaus to kill him. Need help with Book 24 in Homer's The Iliad? Achilles in particular represents the heroic code and his struggle revolves around his belief in an honour system, as opposed to Agamemnon‘s reliance on royal privilege. Written in the mid-8th Century BCE, “The Iliad” is usually considered to be the earliest work in the whole Western literary tradition, and … Now, at last, Patroclus’ funeral can be celebrated in what Achilles sees as a fitting manner. The Greek hero Diomedes, strengthened by Athena, drives the Trojans before him but, in his arrogance and blood-lust, strikes and injures Aphrodite. Agamemnon is wounded in the battle and, despite the heroics of Ajax, Hector successfully breaches the fortified Greek camp, wounding Odysseus and Diomedes in the process, and threatens to set the Greek ships on fire. Here's where you'll find analysis about the poem as a whole. Homer's Iliad. Keeping straight the name of places and people: 1. Reading Lists in Greek and Latin (June 1999 revision) These works constitute the recommended preparation for the Ph.D. translation examinations. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. WEEK 5 Epic and Lament. But, when Agamemnon eventually reluctantly agrees to give her back, he takes in her stead Briseis, Achilles‘s own war-prize concubine. | Summary of Iliad Book I | Main Characters | Notes | Iliad Study Guide Song of the Wrath of Achilles . D. Elmer, The Poetics of Consent: Collective Decision Making in the Iliad… Indeed, it is often the gods, not the mortals, who seem casual, petty and small-minded. New Characters Adrestos: a Trojan fighter who pleads with Menelaos to take him alive rather than kill him The Achaeans, including Great Ajax and Diomedes, kill several Trojans. The Greeks are quarrelling about whether or not to return Chryseis, a Trojan captive of King Agamemnon, to her father, Chryses, a priest of Apollo. Frequent similes tell of the peacetime efforts back home in Greece, and serve as contrasts to the war, reminding us of the human values that are destroyed by fighting, as well as what is worth fighting for. English translation by Samuel Butler with popup notes and commentary (eNotes): Greek version with word-by-word translation (Perseus Project): Detailed book-by-book summary (About.com): Passer, deliciae meae puellae (Catullus 2), Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus (Catullus 5), Miser Catulle, desinas ineptire (Catullus 8), http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0133, http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/iliad/a/Iliad.html. Cultural … Continue your study of The Iliad with these useful links. Get ready to write your essay on The Iliad. Main Characters Greeks. Homer was probably one of the first generation of authors who were also literate, as the Greek alphabet was introduced in the early 8th Century BCE, and the language used in his epic poems is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects such as Aeolic Greek. 182-242. “Menin“or “menis“ (“anger“ or “wrath“) is the word that opens “The Iliad”, and one of the major themes of the poem is Achilles coming to terms with his anger and taking responsibility for his actions and emotions. “The Iliad“ (Gr: “Iliás“ ) is an epic poem by the ancient Greek poet Homer, which recounts some of the significant events of the final weeks of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy (which was also known as Ilion, Ilios or Ilium in ancient times). Word Count: 1109. Maintain your own list of names that repeat themselves and seem important. 53-67 After 10 days, Achilles summons an assembly. Greek audiences would have been familiar with the background of the story, and here a brief summary of events is necessary to help the reader to put these events in context. The Iliad The Iliad is an Ancient Greek epic poem by Homer that was first published in 762 BC. The Iliad Summary In the tenth year of the Trojan War, tensions are running high among the Achaians (a super-ancient name for the Ancient Greeks). The Iliad Summary and Study Guide. When Agamemnon’s refuses to give up Chryses’ daughter, Apollo provides an early example of divine intervention, setting an example of how the gods can quickly change the fortunes of men. Achilles steadfastly refuses to give in to pleas for help from Agamemnon, Odysseus, Ajax, Phoenix and Nestor, spurning the offered honours and riches and even Agamemnon‘s belated offer to return Briseis to him. The goddess Athena, however, who favours the Greeks, soon provokes a Trojan truce-breaking and battle begins anew. 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