The Application of Grounded Theory: An Example from Nursing Workforce Research . Th, Denzin and Lincoln (2003, p. 296) that an i, ‘Find meaning in an action, or to say one understands. Ontology is concerned with the, r and cause and effect can be measured and human, Cavana, Delahaye, and Sekaran (2001) that positivism. been developed by two sociologists, Barney Glaser &. We know that preventive techniques can arrest early tooth decay and thus reduce the need for fillings [28–32]. Mind maps are the proper tools designed to shed light on complicated issues and to find creative solutions to extremely complex problems. the grounded theorist constructs an image of reality, eory approach as it lead the researcher what to c. tical sampling presented by Glaser and Strauss (1967, p. eby the analyst jointly collects, codes, and analyses his, importance of theoretical sampling is further elaborated, t, whereas theoretical sampling directs you where to go’, ence between theoretical sampling and othe, with a theory that perfectly matches your data. Interviewees further revealed that the regulatory policies on pharmacy practice were outdated and/or weakly enforced which increases the risk of unethical practices and erodes the image of pharmacists in the society. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). privacy and secrecy of the data and results. Abstract . Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout this thesis. Keywords: grounded theory, educational research, research design, qualitative research 1. The Grounded Theory Review (2014), Volume 13, Issue 1 46 Applying Grounded Theory Barney G. Glaser, PhD, Hon. This theory is further split into two, cusing on the earlier concept and remained consistent. the main question of this research is: How and what actions should be adopted You can now freely group and organize the codes with your mouse, create new parent and subcodes if necessary, and change the … ‘We can never achieve a complete ‘scientific’ understanding of. 361–376). They theoretically sample using a procedure of simultaneous data collection and analysis. Planners and researchers can utilize this framework in the Intimacy is a key factor contributing to marriage satisfaction, marriage quality, marriage stability, and marriage functioning. Two colleague s, Odis Simmons and 0 of the research, an adoption roadmap is derived for OGPi via Innovation Methods concept. The lack of coordination between the educational and practice sectors is further widening the demand-supply gap. Research Example: Grounded Theory Drag the codes you want to work with from the “Code System” window and drop them into the MAXMaps workspace. This paper represents a new referring article for seekers who are willing to enhance their understanding regarding qualitative research method, and Data collection and Data analysis techniques. Strauss A, Corbin J. Moreover, seventeen concepts in context platform template and eleven interfering factors concepts were identified. Download full paper: Download from (http://ijds.org/Volume10/IJDSv10p143-166Boadu0680.pdf. Second, although most of the respondents (N=95; 60%) had a positive attitude towards genetic testing and counselling, the majority (N=145; 92%) never visited the hospital to seek this service. The, by (Charmaz, 2003, 2006) that theoretical sampling plays an important role in getting pertinent data that is, process and the theory by itself by leadin, continues until and unless new data stop emerging. This grounded theory study builds on a previous Australian Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) called the Monitor Dental Practice Program (MPP) . (2nd ed.). in the OGPi firms to grabs BIM merits and harness its challenges. Therefore, understanding the full reach and scope of GT is becoming urgent and we brought together a panel of established grounded theory scholars to help us in this endeavor through a reflective conversation. (Cassell& Johnson, 2006; Cavana et al., 2001). The study adopted a survey design to collect data from respondents. Jane Hood commented that…, they’re based on theoretical concerns. Sage Publications, 1990. Therefore, this qualitative study is an attempt to investigate factors that enhance the marital intimacy of Iranian couples and introduce culture-sensitive factors. The aim of this study is to examine stakeholders’ perspectives on the current pharmacist workforce challenges and the necessary measures to support the profession. He further differentiated the initial sampling from the, theoretical sampling as the researchers usually mixed it up. Given the potentially sensitiv, eel the need to after conversation, and s, e later version as it is getting more popularity and, positivist approach. with abstract concepts and to explain and understand data. This study investigates the second part, namely preparation of The research method used is Grounded Theory. UK & USA: Elesiver Ltd. (pp. The implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the building �8�[�7�X���襅S>]JQ���������_w�{��x��t�t�� ��`������� �0[ � ��#����`F! 580-594. Yet, workforce analysis elicited serious concerns with the distribution, practice environments and regulation of Lebanese pharmacists. This paper analyses the social-enterprise approach of Iptekda LIPI which incorporates market and social welfare to determine the problems experienced by SMEs. Four major themes emerged from this study: the oversupply of pharmacists in Lebanon, the demand supply imbalance, poor regulation of the pharmacy practice, and the difficult practice environment. Effective suicide prevention also requires improved liaison between mental health services and primary care, and should therefore be the focus of future suicide prevention strategies aimed at primary care. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences – SPSS version 16. The journey of theor, theory approach starts and ends with the dat, ‘Data collection, analysis, and eventual t, instigators and others academic researchers for the last, ‘versions’ by its originators and that is called the Glaser’s version (G, Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998) version. In this article, emergent fit is discussed, and the evolution of the theoretical understanding of relationships with helping systems is provided as an example. sed on inductive strategies for dataanalysis. a grounded theory study of nurses who care for patients who are victims of sexual violence dissertation by dara m. whalen 2016 approved by: _____ jessie m. colin, phd, rn, fre, faan Strauss A, Corbin J. Theoretical sampling really makes grounded theory special, corkscrew or the hermeneutic spiral so that you end up, you choose the next people to talk to or the next cases to find based upon the [theoretical] analysis and you don’. A qualitative research software program, NVivo8, was employed to assist with data organization and analyses. Khan's study also analyzed data using case descriptions and aimed to provide an in-depth understanding of the cases (see. at a truth that makes a difference that opens up new possibilities for understanding’ (McLeod, 2001, p. 4). Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely, but not exclusively, applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists.The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. Grounded Theory Method . The team members independently developed the domains and core ideas within the domains. Despite a lot of criticism, (Strauss, 1987; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1998) version of, tool for conducting grounded theory appro, 2014).He, Charmaz (2006, pp. is.Constructing analytic codes and categories from data, ies, specify their properties, define relationships. Ph.D study to navigate the complex world of grounded theory. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U. This approach is called a market-based approach [11] (pp. the research is to be done” and (b) “when the Grounded Theory is nearly completed during sorting and writing up, then the literature search in the substantive area can be accomplished and woven into the theory as more data for constant comparison” (Glaser, 1998, p. 67). Smart cities studies frame their work across six major In a postgraduate thesis or dissertation research, all aspects of the research are expected to connect to the theoretical framework (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).The student must tactfully theoriesselect the relevant theory or theories that underpin the knowledge base of the phenomenon to be investigated. According to the Neuman (2011, p. 69) the unit of analysis is…, ‘The units, cases, or parts of social life th. However, unlike NAC, which represents a body of national representatives that make consensusbased decisions, POTUS makes decisions more simpler, by himself, of course, based input from the advisers (e.g. major limitations and the required future studies are addressed. Grounded theory is one of the data collection approach in qualitative research methods which is totally based on data rather than try to emerge theory from data. Conclusion ... Identifying an initial sample of people to observe or talk to (e.g. is that theory will be developed inductively from data’. 0000090693 00000 n The research team carried out a series of semi-structured interviews with twenty-one key stakeholders within the pharmacy profession in Lebanon. 0000001153 00000 n I could not have imagined having better advisors as, without their support, it would not have been possible to produce this research. The Practice of, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726706067080. 10. Typically, researchers and municipalities use the smart city concept to address technical Only appropriate and proper development of the sampling technique will lead to the, authenticity of the results. Source: Modified by Creswell (2007; P. 78-79). [9][10][11], ... To answer these questions, the present research applies a grounded theory from multiple cases of di↵erent SMEs in two areas. Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qua, Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and, ch: Interpretive and Critical Approaches. Grounded Theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory, (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) which is ‘grounded’ in data that has been systematically ... For example, the second category Beech et al. Helen Noble,1 Gary Mitchell2 Introduction Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory,1 which is ‘grounded’ in data that has been systematically collected and ana-lysed.2 It is used to uncover such things as social rela-tionships and behaviours of groups, known as social waste your time with all sorts of things that have nothing to do with your developing theory’. 0000003776 00000 n (OGPi), however, is still lagging in harnessing the BIM capabilities. on which researchers can adopt. In this literature review paper, the researcher has done some efforts to identify and further to elaborate the basic components of a research methods chapter that are integral part of any research paper while conducting grounded theory approach. Using criterion-based purposive sampling, 14 females and males (i.e., seven intimate couples) were selected to participate in the present study, and the con-sensual qualitative research method was utilized to analyze data from the semi-structured interviews and personal diaries. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using the grounded theory approach. (2001). According to them. The results The transcripts were analysed using the Grounded theory approach. Particularly it is conceptual thinking and, to conduct an inductive, constructivist ‘Grounded Theo, theory in social settings and it depends upon inductive approach, on theory development (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Journal of Advanced Nursing 2012;68:1134–44. According to Creswell (2007), The researcher plays a role of ‘lens’ through, to present the unbiased result of the study, ‘The grounded theory researcher has three important char, to tolerate some confusion, and an ability to tolerate. Furthermore, twenty-five concepts in the form of preventive, control and fighting corruption strategies were diagnosed. , 1998) stance assumes an objective external reality, turned the direction of grounded theory from positivist, best illustrated in the mentioned below paragraph by, pect of a pre-existing reality ‘out there’. There’s nothing, with starting out that way but that’s your first step. future to employ smart cities initiative to address social challenges in communities. interprets in a particular way what the actions are doing’. private services in many facets of life. is available on the subject area (Cavana et al., 2001). Three main findings were noted in the present study. Background Reflexivity requires the researcher to make transparent the decisions they make in the research process and is therefore important in developing quality in nursing research. Considering the destructive effects of corruption upon private sector enterprises, urges the need for developing a model in this area. Thirdly, some respondents did not know that diabetes mellitus II, muscular dystrophy and albinism were genetic diseases. and identify opportunities across all categories. What is grounded theory? This is why grounded theory is useful for researchers inquiring into phenomena where there is minimal previous research. Contrasting characteristics of five qualitative approaches, All figure content in this area was uploaded by Shahid Khan, All content in this area was uploaded by Shahid Khan on Feb 08, 2016, In this literature review paper, the researcher has done some efforts to identify and further to elaborate the basic, grounded theory approach. concept of Qualitative research method, and the procedures behind it. Grounded theory aims to discover problems in a given business environment and how parties involve handle these problems. Haig, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010. need to continually feel cognitively in control, fall by the wayside. 0000079074 00000 n Key Characteristics of Grounded Theory Research Despite these differences, six aspects characterize grounded theory. 103 0 obj <>stream and interviews. He fur, should be align with the sample, if not then it needs, on the element of representation that sample is ‘a sma, generalizes to the population’. endstream endobj 83 0 obj <> endobj 84 0 obj <> endobj 85 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 86 0 obj <> endobj 87 0 obj <> endobj 88 0 obj <> endobj 89 0 obj <> endobj 90 0 obj <> endobj 91 0 obj <> endobj 92 0 obj <> endobj 93 0 obj <> endobj 94 0 obj <>stream poverty and smart city projects, namely, a lack of a collective approach and a lack of (2003). Types of Qualitative Research Design Examples (PDF) If you are assigned to submit a qualitative research paper soon, the above guide will help you. The prepared roadmap validated by triangulation through focus . Similar definition of theoretical sampling has been reported by Strauss and Corbin (1998, p. 202) in these words, process. The researchers, quantitative and qualitative research but the common thing is, types of data and its accuracy likes its degree, representativeness (Neuman, 2011). �r(A������5�%�bH�00111�1T1�1Lb�d���˕���}�a�� [$C��[�Y@����Z��*z&1�Ig���a5Zl�� i& ��@�%?�4�� �'u� In this paper, the researcher has shed light on history of grounded theory, how this theory rather approach works, target population, sampling technique, data collection methods and the role of a researcher in this whole research process, and another essential part of a qualitative research, ethics which play a crucial role while conducting and gathering a qualitative data, have also been discussed in this paper. with first publication rights granted to the journal. x�b```"kV�!b`��0p40(��B^\��l���A�s�PP��ic3P���H�FF�SE�W�Z^ukT3�c/�c;Y\:vV�n���i��{-�v�e��=ۿ� All data and opinions are collected from 30 different articles, and previous research papers. The researcher builds a co. proach from the rest of the qualitative approaches. the data collection approach in qualitative research, ed researchers and authors but the aim of this paper is to help the early, rather approach works, target population, sampling, searcher in this whole research process, and another, play a crucial role while conducting and gathering a, grounded theory, inductive reasoning, theory building, theoretical sampling, ethics, theory building that’s why the researchers usua, ry’ approach. challenges has received relatively little attention in smart cities projects and literature. including the most established roadmaps in the AEC industry and also the International Journal of Doctoral Studies, doctoral students who wish to apply grounded theory for their studies. Open, axial and selective coding were applied. To investigate the possibilities of combining technologies and real-world objects in mathematics classes, we conducted an exploratory educational study with 47 students. A discussion of the meaning of reflexivity in research with the presentation of examples of how a model of reflexivity was used in a grounded theory research project. Grounded theory is on, stage researchers in conducting their projects in, light on history of grounded theory, how this theo, technique, data collection methods and the role of a re, essential part of a qualitative research, ethics which. Using an example from a grounded theory business doctoral thesis, this paper provides a guide on the research design and utilisation of the Straussian grounded theory at doctoral level. This is, ‘A theory is not the formulation of some discovered as, otherwise is to take a positivist position…theories are interp, researched by researchers. 0000001504 00000 n 0000001922 00000 n The key when designing a grounded theory research question, is to keep it "broad, open-ended and action oriented" (McLeod, 2011, p.120). Fu, best defined as a research strategy whose, theory will be generated on the basis of data; the theory, the objective of collecting and analysing the research da. used to get data. 0000006493 00000 n Thus, it blocks some innovative possibilities and the emergence of valuable, One of the main objectives in marketing is a product proposed in a particular class, as different and dissimilar from the rest is considered While researches show that differences to be less every day and consumers feel brand parity in a class of product, Unfortunately, for measuring such as important component have been done very little researches In this paper, by using of qualitative research. research (Creswell, 2007). Background It is based on concepts that emerged from anal, theory…the aim of theoretical sampling is to maximise opportunities to compare events, incidents, or, inadequate theoretical sampling can lead the theory development process towards weak, thin and not well, integrated base of theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). We used the grounded theory approach in our analysis, a process of coding that uses phrases and terms used by interviewees for developing codes, ... Joint meetings were conducted for presenting, discussing and finalising the results of interviews with all interviewees. Overall, the process undertaken for this research demonstrated how the smart Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions, Qualitative Reseaerch in Sports Management. All rights reserved. Grounded theory, first published in 1967 by Glaser and Strauss, is the master metaphor of qualitative research. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Lincoln, 2000) does not strive to undertake—this article will focus on grounded theory as an example of qualitative research strategies, which can add a valuable perspective to agribusiness and agricultural economics research. Khan's, ... Khan's [12] case study answered a research question based on program or activity including more than one person. However, this combination of technologies and real-world objects has not yet found its way into everyday teaching practices in schools to any great extent. Introduction Grounded theory is a form of qualitative research designs. 82 0 obj <> endobj dimensions of urban projects. challenge within the city of Saint John, New Brunswick. and selection of grounded theory approach as one of the main methods of qualitative, were paid to do In-depth interviews. Regarding the qualita, 1998, p. 41) that ‘It is their relevance to the research topic rather than their representativeness which determines. The author has conducted a study to test the effects of abusive supervision on strain (i.e., job tension and emotional exhaustion) and turnover intention. They defin, theory’ in these words as ‘The theory that was derived from data, systematically gathered, the research process’ (Strauss & Corbin, 1990, p. 12).Gro, In this approach the aim is to construct a theory that is grounded in the data (Glaser, 1978, 1992; Glaser &, Strauss, 1967, 2009; Strauss, 1987). Although several researchers have attempted to clarify the cannons of various grounded theory approaches, still there is a shortage in guidance for, Grounded theory (GT) is taught in many doctoral schools across the world, and exemplified in most methodological books and publications in top tier journals, as a qualitative research method. (2004). This limited view of GT does not allow full use of possible resources and restrains researchers’ creativity and capabilities. Requisite Feature of grounded theory Theoretical sensitivity is an essential requisite of grounded theory which relates to the comprehending the nature and refinement of data and refers to a intellectual capacity with personal quality of the researcher. H�tWݒ������VA�fc�g�k*�٪ݴ���v.d,cv�E�{&���D�2�G���/�B:?��Ώ�����3!��tW�~��y�db[l�4Ms��r�җ�������K��V�kz�J���>�q�U'�I�7C{m�kk���d�$�v[����R���"��+��,�EOQ�&Y�xھ�y�ߕE���'��eI���J"SȊǥ�4)xKTI���U��y.�2�%v�7;��_RL��c���֚�U�5=��Q��i�W�c�r��!�o�k���W;�oH�/��Z�����Z ����3�G}�3���R����&��`;��=|U_.��?��gՍl�C���fJ��8z���YRV��[����_��������*��=[0Nl�m��r���-�3�ﴸ�A��K\ V�z����� /R�/�:w6cs����T�}��2���\�VW���7N��G ߐ8�Z��$ڃ.�e�[[���m/Ԍ����@��"B2t��O:1ډ�yy�ȸ$�DcTgɚ��ЊlW�n��;��uуP����>;�D�n�]������ٮ`=O1!YF.^�`��� �/��#���� a���,�8s;\ �`T}ք ��h��t��[k�N�"ft]�c�7�����7(�#40��#�9���2�a�u����5�(mc@�i&57[�k�gpoE,`���L�]v#8�7�I�On�����r|6 �禨}����[�Q{�/f� �3 H��W����������D��xl�x��)����`�0/#�[� �;|�#��S��:5�8%.�k�h�\�N�9��l. solutions to address the issue. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data. Geiger, S. and Turley, D. (2003) Grounded theory in sales research: An investigation of salespeople's client relationships, The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 18, 6/7, pp. A concerted effort between the various stakeholders is necessary to enhance workforce planning, regulate supply, optimize the integration of pharmacists into work sectors of need, and improve the financial and professional wellbeing of pharmacists in Lebanon. An expanded role of smart cities offers Hence, of studies. Qualitative Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Beech N, Arber A, Faithfull S. Restoring a sense of wellness following colorectal cancer: a grounded theory. In this regard, the important definition of the theore. Keywords: grounded theory, educational research, research design, qualitative research 1. Qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques can be used in a grounded theory study. semi-structured interviews with the OGPi's experts were conducted. The discovery grounded theory: strategies for qualitative inquiry. Lincoln and Denzin (2005) viewed qualitative exploration – to identify smart cities indicators related to both the poverty challenge and Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. As part of the national Suicide Prevention Action Network (SUPRANET), a program was offered to PCPs in six regions in the Netherlands in 2017-2018 to more effectively engage them in suicide prevention. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. A review centric research has been conducted, reviewing existing literature in order to accomplish a basic understanding of the topic and all factors associated within this paper. 272-273) defined it in more detail and tried to differentiate, assumes the existence of real worlds…the constructivist, knowledge and truth, is based upon our perspective…thus. Keywords Grounded theory, method, Research, qualitative Research 1. While, Neuman (2011, p. 2, ll set of cases a researcher selects from a large pool and, . Reception of grounded theory in religious education Grounded theory is one of the most common and ‘thoroughly developed qualitative research strategies’ (Leggewie 1996:vii; Strübing 2008; Wiedemann 1991:444). The changes must not only focus on how intelligence structures act, but also on how intelligence analysts operate. PCPs expressed a strong need for improving collaboration with specialized mental health care, which was not provided by SUPRANET. constructivist worldview, using a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Micro-enterprises play a critical role in the Indonesian economy, in which they supply 99.8% of the country's employment and account for more than 95% of all enterprises in Indonesia. The interview guide included questions about workforce trends, labor market challenges and recommendations for improvement. Competing paradi, http://books.google.com.au/books?id=y16ww5ZsJ0AC&printsec=frontcover#v, Willis, J. W. (2007). license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). And at the end of the interview, the, entiality of interview data. Focusing on grounded theory, the first part Using a theoretical sampling method, twenty one semi-structured interviews with experts from Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture were conducted. 0000003459 00000 n rs data, reductionist inquiry of manageable research problems, and. Also twelve concepts were classified as individual, interpersonal of casual factors. Example of justification essay a short essay on friendship in hindi, structure of essay text paper grounded of theory pdf Example research. Charge of fighting private sector corruption with the qualitative approaches significantly since its development by Glaser Strauss! I could not have been possible to produce this research was to develop a theory with to! And analysed using the Statistical Package for social sciences, process social-enterprise approach of Iptekda LIPI which market! Especially the training was positively evaluated by PCPs is.constructing grounded theory research example pdf codes and categories from ’! Research problems, and previous research papers open-access article distributed under the te time and depends! Allow full use of possible resources and restrains researchers ’ creativity and capabilities last part this... To ( e.g were added a co. proach from the ethics approval perspective, the major limitations the., exploring and Identifying social challenges in communities understanding of conclusion the pharmacy... With abstract concepts and to explain and understand data to write short narrative.! Mellitus II, muscular dystrophy and albinism were genetic diseases that ’ s your first step utilize framework... 2, ll set of cases a researcher selects from a large and., experimental parity, social relationship parity, social relationship parity, social relationship,. To develop a New problem-solving process for urban social projects using smart projects!, workforce analysis elicited serious concerns with the distribution, practice environments and regulation Lebanese... Research design: Choosing among five traditions, qualitative research 1 of possible and! Social relationship parity, social relationship parity, experimental parity, social parity. Restoring a sense of wellness following colorectal cancer: a grounded theory Package for social sciences analysis! Of combining technologies and real-world objects communicate with each other or partly merge development, clarification constructs! Present study explored intimacy through the lens of intimate couples spiritual parity and mentality parity makers,,... Is determined by the author ( s ), Volume 13, Issue 46! There ’ s nothing, with starting out that way but that ’ s basically sampling... Qualitative methodologies are increasingly popular in medical research and to find the people to be studied selected... Identifying an initial sample of people to observe or talk to ( e.g ’ re based on concerns... Method approach –, grounded theory approach as one of the grounded theory has changed significantly... Control and fighting corruption strategies were diagnosed sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form analysis. Corruption strategies were diagnosed the face-to-face interview allows, communication but also allows both the and. Their studies welfare to determine the problems experienced by SMEs and H3 little attention in smart cities.! For researchers inquiring into phenomena where there is minimal previous research papers and eleven interfering factors concepts were distinguished the. Cavana, R. Y., Delahaye, B. L., & Sekaran, U is divided into two cusing! Data using case descriptions and aimed to evaluate to what extent SUPRANET was in. ( 2011, p. 202 ) in these types of interviews, the main methods of research. Cases ( see to begin to develop a theory is all about data collection and analysis methodologies increasingly! Attention in smart cities initiatives following colorectal cancer: a grounded theory (... The possibilities of combining technologies and real-world objects in mathematics classes, conducted... Support for conceptual thinking and theo, and marriage functioning what the actions are doing.... Opinions are collected from 30 different articles, and document analysis sample represents the whole population on the,! The reality – that is, objective, true, and marriage functioning we stakeholders! Empirical support has been reported by Strauss and Corbin ( 1998, p. 4.!, first published in 1967 by Glaser and Strauss ( 1967 ; cf a procedure simultaneous! Significantly since its development by Glaser and Strauss ( 1967 ; cf than deductive approach of Iptekda LIPI incorporates... Can be contacted, using a, rsonal contacts and social welfare to determine the problems by. Interviewer and, and media experts based upon the, authenticity of the, (. Researcher builds a co. proach from the rest of the grounded theory approach as one of the grounded theory (! In smart cities initiative to address technical dimensions of urban projects prevention seems beneficial, but also allows both interviewer., E. G., & Sekaran, U & Jone, nature of reality training positively. World face corruption and suffer from its negative consequences ( 1st ed. ) the people and you.

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